THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISORDERS: A CLINICAL OVERVIEW
Keywords:
Vitamin D, endocrine disorders, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, thyroid function, PCOS, calcium metabolism, hormonal regulation.Abstract
Vitamin D, traditionally recognized for its role in calcium and bone metabolism, has recently been identified as a critical regulator of several endocrine and metabolic functions. Deficiency in vitamin D is now associated not only with osteoporosis and rickets but also with a wide range of endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic syndrome.
This paper provides a clinical overview of the mechanisms by which vitamin D influences hormonal balance, insulin secretion, and metabolic homeostasis. The synthesis and activation pathways of vitamin D are discussed in relation to endocrine organ function, particularly the pancreas, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. Moreover, current evidence on vitamin D supplementation as an adjunct therapy for endocrine and metabolic disorders is analyzed.
Emerging research suggests that maintaining optimal vitamin D levels may reduce the risk of insulin resistance, improve thyroid autoimmunity, and support reproductive health. However, discrepancies remain regarding optimal dosage, supplementation strategies, and population-specific effects. Further clinical trials are required to clarify the therapeutic potential of vitamin D in endocrine
and metabolic disease management.
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