CRONIC PAIN
Keywords:
Chronic pain, neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal disorders, pain management, multidisciplinary approach, quality of life, pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological therapy.Abstract
Chronic pain is a prevalent and multifaceted condition that persists beyond normal tissue healing time, often lasting for months or years. It affects millions of individuals globally, leading to physical, psychological, and social consequences. Despite advancements in pain management, chronic pain remains a significant public health issue, contributing to disability, reduced productivity, and increased healthcare costs. This article explores the pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic challenges, and treatment modalities of chronic pain. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating pharmacological, interventional, psychological, and lifestyle-based strategies, is essential for effective management. Future research should focus on personalized medicine, novel therapeutic targets, and integrative care models to improve patient outcomes.
References
1. Treede, R. D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., et al. (2019). Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: The IASP classification of chronic pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain, 160(1), 19-27.
2. Cohen, S. P., Vase, L., & Hooten, W. M. (2021). Chronic pain: An update on burden, best practices, and new advances. The Lancet, 397(10289), 2082-2097.
3. Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N. B., Flor, H., Gibson, S., et al. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 161(9), 1976-1982.
4. Scholz, J., Finnerup, N. B., Attal, N., Aziz, Q., Baron, R., Bennett, M. I., et al. (2019). The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic neuropathic pain. Pain, 160(1), 53-59.
5. Clauw, D. J. (2019). Fibromyalgia: A clinical review. JAMA, 311(15), 1547-1555.
6. Häuser, W., Fitzcharles, M. A., Petersel, D., & Sommer, C. (2021). Review of pharmacological therapies in fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 23(1), 37.
7. Dworkin, R. H., O’Connor, A. B., Audette, J., Baron, R., Gourlay, G. K., Haanpää, M. L., et al. (2019). Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: An overview and literature update. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(2), 315-332.
8. Velly, A. M., & Mohanty, S. (2020). Epidemiology of chronic pain: Prevalence, socio-economic impact, and treatments. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 34(3), 101-110.
9. Gilron, I., Baron, R., & Jensen, T. (2021). Neuropathic pain: Principles of diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 96(6), 1546-1560.