REFERRED PAIN
Keywords:
nervous system, brain function, pain source, heart diseases, liver diseases, stomach diseases, joint diseases, spinal issues, diagnosis, EKG, X-rays, ultrasound, CT scan, physiotherapy, pain reduction, cardiac rehabilitation, gastroenterological treatment, medications, surgical procedures.Abstract
Referred pain is the phenomenon where pain is felt in a different location from its actual source. This phenomenon can be explained by the unique characteristics of the nervous system and brain function. Heart diseases, liver or stomach problems, joint issues, and spinal diseases can all lead to referred pain. Diagnostic tools such as X-rays, ultrasound, EKG, and CT scans are used during the diagnostic process. Treating referred pain requires identifying the underlying cause and applying the appropriate treatment methods. Physiotherapy, medications, and surgical treatments help reduce pain.
References
1. Merskey, H., & Bogduk, N. (1994). Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms (2nd ed.). IASP Press.
2. Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150(3699), 971-979.
3. Giamberardino, M. A., & Esposito, M. (2005). Referred pain: An overview. Pain Reviews, 12(4), 143-157.
4. Hassen, W., & Ziegler, R. (2017). The physiology of referred pain: Its mechanisms and clinical implications. Springer.
5. Manzoli, L., Congedo, G., & Stazi, M. A. (2005). Referred pain and its clinical significance in diagnosis and treatment. Pain Medicine, 6(5), 367-373.
6. Deska, K., & Evers, S. (2008). Pain referral in the musculoskeletal system: Clinical relevance of referred pain. Musculoskeletal Pain Management Journal, 15(2), 110-115.
7. Quinlan, J. G., & Bisson, M. A. (2000). Spinal pain and referred pain mechanisms: A guide to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Elsevier Health Sciences.
