CHRONIC PAIN
Keywords:
Chronic pain, persistent pain, etiology, neuropathic pain, central sensitization, peripheral sensitization, pain management, multidisciplinary approach, quality of life, psychological impact.Abstract
Chronic pain is a persistent condition that lasts longer than three months and significantly impacts quality of life. This review examines the etiology, mechanisms, and management strategies for chronic pain. Central and peripheral sensitization, as well as underlying diseases such as arthritis and neuropathies, contribute to its development. Effective treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Understanding chronic pain mechanisms can improve patient outcomes and enhance overall well-being.
References
1. Treede R.-D., Rief W., Barke A., Aziz Q., Bennett M. I., Benoliel R., et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). – Pain, 2019. – Vol. 160(1). – p. 19–27. (Total pages: 9, cited: p. 20)
2. Turk D. C., Wilson H. D., Cahana A. Treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. – The Lancet, 2011. – Vol. 377(9784). – p. 2226–2235. (Total pages: 10, cited: p. 2228)
3. Woolf C. J. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. – Pain, 2011. – Vol. 152(3 Suppl). – p. S2–S15. (Total pages: 14, cited: p. S5)
4. Gatchel R. J., Peng Y. B., Peters M. L., Fuchs P. N., Turk D. C. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. – Psychological Bulletin, 2007. – Vol. 133(4). – p. 581–624. (Total pages: 44, cited: p. 585)
5. Mills S. E. E., Nicolson K. P., Smith B. H. Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors. – British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2019. – Vol. 123(2). – p. e273–e283. (Total pages: 11, cited: p. e275)
6. Goldberg D. S., McGee S. J. Pain as a global public health priority. – BMC Public Health, 2011. – Vol. 11(1). – p. 770. (Total pages: 5, cited: p. 771)
7. Eccleston C., Crombez G. Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model. – Pain, 2007. – Vol. 132(3). – p. 233–236. (Total pages: 4, cited: p. 234)
8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management. – London, 2021. (Total pages: 36, cited: p. 12)
9. Apkarian A. V., Bushnell M. C., Treede R.-D., Zubieta J.-K. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. – European Journal of Pain, 2005. – Vol. 9(4). – p. 463–484. (Total pages: 22, cited: p. 468)
10. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). IASP Terminology and Classification of Chronic Pain. – 2020. (Total pages: 15, cited: p.
