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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Authors

  • Asatullayev Rustamjon Baxtiyorivich

    Samarqand Davlat Tibbiyot Universiteti, stajyor-asistent
    Author

Keywords:

Respiratory system, lungs, alveoli, gas exchange, oxygen, carbon dioxide, breathing, physiology, ventilation.

Abstract

The respiratory system is a vital biological system responsible for gas exchange, ensuring oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal. It supports cellular respiration, energy production, and overall homeostasis. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of its anatomy, physiology, mechanisms, regulation, and clinical relevance.

The respiratory system is a vital biological system responsible for gas exchange, ensuring oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal. It supports cellular respiration, energy production, and overall homeostasis. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of its anatomy, physiology, mechanisms, regulation, and clinical relevance

References

1. Hall, J. E. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2025. Respiratory physiology section is covered in the current edition description and contents.

2. Standring, S., ed. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 43rd ed. London: Elsevier; 2025. Comprehensive systems-based respiratory anatomy is included in the latest edition.

3. Drake, R. L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A. W. M. Gray’s Anatomy for Students. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. A core anatomy text useful for the upper and lower respiratory tract.

4. Haddad M, Sharma S. Physiology, Lung. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

5. Chaudhry R, Bordoni B. Anatomy, Thorax, Lungs. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

6. Ball M, Herring A. Anatomy, Airway. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

7. Brinkman JE, Sharma S. Physiology, Respiratory Drive. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

8. Merck Manual Consumer Version. Overview of the Respiratory System. Merck & Co., Inc. Updated online resource. Available from: Merck Manuals.

9. MSD Manual Consumer Version. Exchanging Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. MSD Manuals. Updated online resource on alveolar gas exchange and diffusion.

10. World Health Organization (WHO). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2024.

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Published

2026-04-19