GUTTA-PERCHA AS A CORE MATERIAL IN ENDODONTICS: COMPOSITION, ORIGIN, MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES AND SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES
Keywords:
Gutta-percha, endodontics, biomaterial, polyisoprene, obturation, thermoplasticity, radiopacity, fillers, manufacturing, polymer, dentistry, standards.Abstract
Gutta-percha remains the most widely used core material in endodontic obturation due to its unique physicochemical properties, biological safety, and long-term dimensional stability. This article provides a comprehensive scientific overview of gutta-percha, including its chemical composition, natural origin, processing technologies, and industrial manufacturing practices. The theoretical foundations of gutta-percha behavior under thermal and mechanical conditions are examined based on data extracted from scientific databases and published academic sources. Special attention is given to the polymeric structure of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, filler composition, phase transitions, and thermoplastic characteristics that define its clinical applicability. Additionally, the paper reviews leading global manufacturers producing dental gutta-percha and analyzes standardization requirements for material purity, radiopacity, and sterility. The methodological framework is based on systematic literature retrieval from major scientific platforms, dissertations, and material science publications. Results demonstrate that gutta-percha’s success lies in its chemical inertness, low toxicity, controlled thermal softening, and adaptability to modern obturation techniques. Discussion focuses on technological evolution, material modifications, and prospects for future polymer innovations. The article concludes that gutta-percha remains an indispensable benchmark material in endodontic obturation science.
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