THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN MODULATING THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Keywords:
gut microbiota, immunity, dysbiosis, inflammation, microbiome, immune regulation.Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota. Recent advances in microbiology and immunology have revealed that these microbial communities play a critical role in regulating immune homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and host defense mechanisms. Alterations in gut microbial composition, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with various autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the biological mechanisms through which gut microbiota modulates immune function and to evaluate its clinical implications in human health and disease. A comprehensive review and analysis of current scientific literature were performed. The findings indicate that gut microbiota influences both innate and adaptive immunity through microbial metabolites, cytokine regulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Dysbiosis contributes to chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Understanding microbiota–immune interactions may facilitate the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies
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